Poem Analysis Sassoon s Poetry - 1493 Words

Every so often, a truly powerful work of literary merit emerges. The literary movement of the First World War led to an extraordinary flowering of poetic talent. The influence of English war poet and soldier, Siegfried Sassoon, extended far beyond his own works. His journey through the conflict of war reflected a wider evolution of the literary world. I find that following the evolution of Sassoon’s poetry throughout his life contributes to the understanding of the reality of the ‘Great War for Civilisation’. Through his poetry, Sassoon exposed war as it really is – destructive, brutalising, and an indefensible waste of human life – something which was not conveyed in the traditional, idealistic views of his romantic contemporaries. In combining realistic detail with a bitter satirical edge, Sassoon made his concern with truth his primary focus. In doing so, he created a poignant and didactic body of memorable verse which I believe remains unr ivalled and unique. It is the gritty realism and raw anger that Sassoon embraced in his poetry that I have come to admire for its uniqueness, and that inspired me to compile this anthology. This anthology is a compilation of poems which highlight the dramatic transformation of Sassoon’s poetic style that accompanied his attitude towards the war, from a patriotic idealist to a modernist. A poetic language that can articulate the trauma of the war and the trenches. Following the evolution of Sassoon s poetry, bothShow MoreRelatedRegeneration Analysis: the Relationship of Rivers to One of His Patients1022 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship of Rivers to one of his patients (e.g., Prior, Burns, Sassoon). What challenges does the patient present to Rivers and does Rivers overcome those challenges? As Rivers is a psychiatrist at Craiglockhart, his perceptions of the world are altered by the patients that he treats. Characters such as Prior, Burns and Anderson influence the doctor, but the person who changes Rivers the most is Sassoon, the author of the declaration. Sassoon challenges Rivers on a personal level, changing his viewpointRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Welcome back to the Poetry and Society unit of the literature topic. We are moving on from last week’s poetry type, American slam and we are now studying Protest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred

Role of Media in Changing Our Culture and Society Free Essays

There is an old saying†Man is a social animal†, which means beyond other requirements such as food and shelter, man has another fundamental need and that is, need of communication with each other. The urge of communication is a basic one and in our contemporary civilization, it has become a necessity for survival. In order to facilitate communication, man has established several means which have developed from time to time such as sending messages, letters, telephone and telegraph and these all assist in providing connection between people even with those who are at far distant places. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Media in Changing Our Culture and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the present era, the means of communication have evolved into a very advance phase and are now collectively called â€Å"Mass Media†. So How Do We Define Media? Media is actually an art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one point or person to another. When an individual communicates to the other, this may be through use of gestures like passing on smiles when happy or in a good mood, frowns when showing a displeased expression, or selection of our words or tone while speaking depending on the feelings within us. In either case we want to select the most effective ways to communicate exactly what we intend. However, communication among a large number of people or society is not as simple as with individuals, but it’s far too complex. Information or news that is important to a mass of people may not be passed on to them from individual to individual. This must reach many people at the same time and also effectively. Such as the forecast of a storm to warn one whole city to take immediate measures cannot be passed on individual to individual since time factor is important. This may be done through newspapers or television or both. Or if some product is to be advertised, it has to be conveyed collectively to a mass that again may be done through radio, television or newspapers. These technological means of communicating information or news collectively to a large number of people is therefore called â€Å"Mass Communication†. Impact of Media on Culture A culture comprises of the language, habits, beliefs, religion, dresses, foods etc. in a particular region and the media has a direct and significant effect on it since it is undoubtedly an influential aspect in modern day society. As technology has become very much advanced now, media touches all types of people in various forms such as radio, televisions, newspapers etc. and the society also depends on it in order to get informed on the events taking place all over the world. Media touches every aspect of life. This includes not only the events going on around the world, but also the developments and progress, education and employment, the political situations in a country, the socio economic issues of a region, marketing of products, health and beauty, fashion and styles, violence and the issues of behaviour of youth verses older generation etc. All these when conveyed to a society by printing, broadcasting or telecasting in the form of news or highlights or discussions do have a direct impact on a society and its culture which gains its leverage depending upon the integrity of the information conveyed. An example is the talk shows that are telecast on around all news media. Every day we watch such programs where our politicians are invited to discuss over current affairs. Either the case is of cheating or undue spending of public funds by influential people or the use of their unauthorised powers, almost all the current affair programs end after hot discussions without reaching to a logical conclusion since the participating opponents would never let know what the truth is. This is because the opponents come fully equipped with whipping words that lashes away the possibility of revealing the truth by anyone who tries to speak out. Therefore despite of the whole matter already known in black and white, the facts reach to the public completely distorted. As a result, no issues of common people are solved which causes heightening of anger, hatred and frustration in public which in turn increase the criminal activities since law and order and justice seem to be unavailable. The question therefore remains: whether the information conveyed is unbiased and untarnished? This then depends upon the people within society to sort through the many bits of information fed to them in order to filter out what actually the truth is. Also one can see that media may contribute to a society’s culture both positively and negatively. On one hand there is lot of rubbish that is watched on media every day. Children watch movies which show too much violence and stuff exhibiting unethical actions, words and language. These are in general furnished with murder stories, use of drugs, smoking cigarettes, using abusive language in everyday life etc. These preach school goings and youth how to earn more without doing much and how to behave wrongly with parents and the society. Such a material only communicates new generation how to be demoralised. To watch such movies has become a today’s tradition which is acting like slow venom that is damaging and killing the moral character of our society. On the other hand, making available appropriate educational programs on television and publishing good informative magazines for children may provide safer environments that may aid children and provide their parents tools to implement moral values that are need of the present time. Such programs should be full of general and technical knowledge so that it may inculcate a desire in the new generation to learn more. Advertising is another aspect of media that affects society very much. This is an important social phenomenon which stimulates consumption of every day changing products, enhances economic activity and alters life styles of people. Consumers are confronted with extensive daily doses of advertising through multiple media. With the continual attack of marketing media, it is for sure that it affects our individualism and society as a whole. Sometimes it is surprising to note that how consumer’s minds can be moulded with changed opinions. It is due to this advertising that brands have acquired more importance over usage of items these days. An example is the frequent use of hair dye among our youth who want to have change in looks since looking the same every day is boring. Also it seems that priorities of public change with the way products are displayed through ads. Earlier soft drinks were considered health hazard but now the sports superstars as models in the ads of soft drinks easily convince their viewers to consume it regularly despite being harmful to health. Also in various ads of cigarettes, masculine characters are shown performing heroic acts which encourages and misguides our youth to develop habit of smoking since it will make them courageous and powerful. Media has also a great role in changing fashions and designs. Though this is a social activity and is acceptable however, it shall be in permissible limits of our culture. Unfortunately with the increase in exposure of western media which has blended in ours, unethical dress fashions have also intruded into our culture which is affecting the new generation and causing significant harm to the overall society. Conclusion On the whole, we conclude that everything may have its good and bad effects depending upon how it is used. Media may play both negative and positive roles in changing a culture and society. Although media should be free and independent, however there shall be some ethics/ moral standards with proper rules and regulations which shall be followed by mass media so that it may contribute a dignified role in formation and development of a healthy society. How to cite Role of Media in Changing Our Culture and Society, Papers

History of the Big Four Men Railroad System free essay sample

The Big Four were the men known in building the Central Pacific Railroad, the western portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States. The four men were Leland Stanford who was the President, Collis P. Huntington who was the Vice President, Mark Hopkins who was the Treasurer, and Charles Crocker who was the Construction Supervisor. Leland Stanford was born in the year of 1824 in Watervliet, New York, and was raised on family farms. Stanford began law school around the year 1848. Stanford got married in 1850 and had one son. Stanford moved to California during the Gold Rush after loosing the law library his father got for him. He helped in organizing the Sacramento Library Association, which later became the Sacramento Public Library. Stanford was one of the four Sacramento, California businessmen known as â€Å"The Big Four†. They were all the investors of the Central Pacific Railroad that was incorporated on June 28, 1861. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Big Four Men Railroad System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was part of forming the Pacific Union Express Company. He was head of the railroad company which built the western part of the First Transcontinental Railroad over Sierra Nevada Mountains. Stanford and his men got control of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1868. He was also president of the Southern Pacific Company from 1885 to 1890. Stanford was elected chairman of the Southern Pacific Railroad’s executive committee in 1890. Stanford oversaw a corporation which imported thousands of Chinese laborers in the construction of the railroad. He cut the state’s debt in half and advocated for the conservation of forests. Stanford served as Chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on public buildings and grounds in the United States Senate. He wrote many senate bills. Leland Stanford died of heart failure at his home in Palo Alto, California on June 21, 1893. He is buried in the Stanford family mausoleum on the Stanford campus. Collis Potter Huntington was also on of the â€Å"Big Four† men of the western railroading. He was born in the year 1821. Huntington was part of building the Central Pacific Railroad which was part of the first U. S. transcontinental railroad. He also helped in leading other major interstate lines known as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The new railroad facilities by the river resulted in expansion of the town of Guyandotte, West Virginia. Huntington was also known for the CO’s Peninsula Extension. This resulted in opening a pathway for West Virginia bituminous coal. When he died, his nephews continued his work at Newport News. Most of the railroad and industrial development are very important activities in the 21st century. The Southern Pacific is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad and the CO became part of CSX Transportation. He pursued the idea of creating a rail line that would connect the America’s East and West with the three other men. In 1869, the tracks of the Central Pacific Railroad joined with the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad and America then had a transcontinental railroad. Huntington had a friend introduce a bill in order to excuse the company from repaying money for the railroads. The Southern Pacific grew to more than 9,000 miles of track. Huntington prevented the port of San Pedro from becoming the main port of Los Angeles using the Southern Pacific Railroad. Mark Hopkins was also one of the investors involved in the Central Pacific Railroad. Hopkins was born in Henderson, Jefferson County, New York. Hopkins formed the â€Å"New England Mining and Trading Company† when the California Gold Rush began. Hopkins opened a store in Placerville, California but it did not succeed. He then opened a grocery store in Sacramento in 1850 with his friend Edward H. Miller who became secretary for the Central Pacific Railroad. In 1861, Hopkins and the rest of the Big Four men founded the Central Pacific Railroad. He was well known for his thriftiness. He was the companies treasurer. Hopkins had health problems soon after and died on a company train in Arizona. Charles Crocker was the other man that was part of the Central Pacific Railroad. Crocker was born in Troy, New York. In the year 1845, Crocker invested his money in the railroad business by opening up an independent iron forge. In 1861, he became one of the four investors in the railroad. He was the construction supervisor and president of Charles Crocker and CO. Crocker bought train plows to plow the tracks. This didn’t work because of the frequent ice on the tracks. He later built over forty miles of snow sheds to cover the tracks in Sierra Nevada Mountains. Crocker and his men got control of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1868. Crocker was also in charge of Wells Fargo and was the president. He also took control of the Woolworth National Bank and gave it to his son. In the year 1886, Crocker got injured in a carriage accident and didn’t recover. He died two years later.

Order vs. Chaos in Greek Mythology free essay sample

In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Marduk, the Storm God defeats the dragon-like monster Tiamat. In the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, the Storm God, Baal, defeats the serpent Yam. In both versions of the Illuyanka Myth, the Storm God defeats Illuyanka to restore order to the land. All three of these myths demonstrate the victory of a Storm God over a dragon-like monster in order to restore order over the chaos these monsters created. In both the Enuma Elish and The Baal Cycle, the Storm God’s are given articles of power to defeat the serpent like monsters. In Enuma Elish, Anu who is Marduk’s grandfather presents Marduk with four winds, with these winds he is able to defeat Tiamat as Tiamat is the sea and these winds disturb the sea. As the author of Enuma Elish says â€Å"Anu brought forth and begot the fourfold wind consigning to its power the leader of the host. We will write a custom essay sample on Order vs. Chaos in Greek Mythology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He†¦ stationed the whirlwind, he produced streams to disturb Tiamat. † The powerful winds disrupted Tiamat and signified the initiation of battle as the author of Enuma Elish says, â€Å"When he created the dread fourfold wind, your vitals were diluted and so we can have no rest. The fourfold wind was what enticed Tiamat to create the monsters and prepare for battle; these winds were what ultimately disturbed the Sea and gave Marduk an advantage over his foe. In The Baal Cycle, Kothar-wa-Hasis who is the craftsman god makes Baal two magic clubs to smash and defeat Yam with. Kothar says to Baal â€Å"behold, you will kill your enemy, behold you will annihilate your foes. You will take your eternal kingship, your dominion forever and ever. Kothar brought down two clubs, and he pronounced their names. Each of the clubs that Kothar made for Baal had a significant purpose; one was the â€Å"Driver† and the other the â€Å"Chaser. † â€Å"Driver† was made to â€Å"strike Prince Sea on the shoulder, Jude River between the arms. † â€Å"Chaser† was made to â€Å"chase Sea from his throne, River from the seat of his dominion. Dance is Baal’s hands, like a vulture from his fingers. Strike Prince Sea on the skull. † These two powerful clubs were what were responsible for the conquering of Yam; they gave Baal the advantage he needed to take down the serpent. Version one of the Illuyanka Myth is comparable to the Enuma Elish as both literary works have deceiving plots that depict failed attempts defeating the Storm God. In version one of the Illuyanka Myth, the Storm God uses the help of his daughter to lure Illuyanka closer to him. Illuyanka is invited to a feast when he gets drunk and eventually lets his guard down long enough for the Inara (the Storm God’s daughter) to have him tied up by a man she met earlier in the day. The author wrote in The Illuyanka Myth â€Å"The serpent and [his offspring] came up, and they ate and drank. They drank up every vessel, so they became drunk. Now they do not want to go back down in their hole again. Hupasiya came and tied up the serpent with a rope. † The Storm God’s daughter was full of trickery and extremely deceitful in luring Illuyanka into a vulnerable position where her father could attack him. As stated in the text â€Å"The Storm God came and killed the serpent, and the gods were with him. † The Illuyanka Myth is a prime example of how family members can play a role in the Storm God’s victory; this is quite the opposite in Enuma Elish where family turned against Marduk in his battle. In the battle of Enuma Elish, Tiamat plots revenge against Marduk and has her first born, Kingu, be the chief in her assembly to overthrow Marduk from power. As stated by the author, â€Å"[Tiamat] elevated Kingu, made him chief among them. The leader of the ranks, command of the Assembly, the raising of weapons for the encounter, to combat, to direct the battle, to control the fight. † Tiamat prepares for battle against one of her own, one of her offspring; she defies family and is ready to fight. As stated by the author, â€Å"Tiamat prepares for battle against the gods, her offspring. † In both version one of the Illuyanka Myth and in the Enuma Elish, the serpents use their children to assist in defeat against the Storm God. The battle between Baal and Yam in The Baal Cycle can also be comparable to the battle between Marduk and Tiamat in the Enuma Elish. In The Baal Cycle, Yam sends for El to try and have Baal surrender to Yam. The gods are afraid of Yam, just like the gods are afraid of Tiamat in the Enuma Elish. The author in The Baal Cycle writes â€Å"Sea sent two messengers†¦Leave, lads, do not turn back; now head toward the Assembly in council, at the center of the mountain of night. Do not fall at El’s feet. † Yam wants to take Baal’s place and stature along with his power, and El agrees. Yam says to El â€Å"El, give up the one you are hiding, give up Baal and his powers, the son of Dagon: I will assume his inheritance. † Baal refuses and conquers the serpent with the two clubs presented to him by Kothar instead of surrendering to the serpent’s request. In the Enuma Elish, Tiamat uses a similar approach to try and get Marduk to surrender to her by evoking fear in the other gods to get them to join her Assembly. Unlike The Baal Cycle, Tiamat does not send for Baal asking him to surrender to her, she instead try’s to scare him by forming an army full of monsters to prepare for the fight. Marduk learns of Tiamat’s scheming and is then called to battle to stop her. The author of Enuma Elish writes, â€Å"Let us make monsters, let us do battle and against the gods! They banded themselves together and marched at the side of Tiamat. Enraged, they plot without cease night and day, they are set for combat, growling, raging† Tiamat forms an assembly of people to prepare for combat, just like in The Baal Cycle when Yam sends an assembly of people calling for Baal. Enuma Elish reads, â€Å"They form a council to prepare for the fight. [Tiamat], she who fashions all things, added matchless weapons, bore monster-serpents, sharp of tooth, unsparing of fang. † The serpent in The Baal Cycle and the serpent in the Enuma Elish are both very chaotic in their ways of enticing their Storm God’s to surrender to them, however the Storm God’s still defeat the serpent’s scheming approaches. There are many underlying relationships that exist in myths pertaining to the battle of the Storm God and the dragon-like monsters. These relationships reveal how a specific culture views their supreme god, and puts all their faith in him, in assurance that he will keep their civilization safe from all chaotic harm. The Storm God of all cultures is the protector of that society; he is the king of the gods, the guard against all evil. In the Enuma Elish, Marduk and Tiamat cannot coexist, and as Tiamat plots against him, Marduk must react and rebel in order to stay alive. Marduk does what he has to do to get rid of this monster and protect the other gods. Similarly, in The Baal Cycle, Baal is enticed to defeat Yam as Yam calls out for Baal and demands that he must surrender. Fisherman, sailors, crop-growers all praise Baal as he is the storm god and controls the rain that their crops need to survive. Therefore, Baal controls the harvest season; he is also the god of fertility, so his culture looks up to him and praises him. They need Baal to survive, so Baal slays the serpent to allow his culture to prosper. In both versions of the Illuyanka Myth, Illuyanka initially defeats the Storm God; but the Storm God comes back to take down the serpent once and for all. The Storm God uses trickery and confining situations to force Illuyanka into vulnerable positions. For example in version two of the myth, when the Storm God has his son marry Illuyanka’s daughter, he asks for his eyes and heart back from the serpent in exchange as a wedding gift. Each of these myths demonstrate the courage and act of confidence the Storm God must possess to defeat its enemy, to maintain order and peace within their civilization.

Introduction to Squinting Modifier

Introduction to Squinting Modifier A squinting modifier is an ambiguous modifier (commonly an adverb, such as only) that appears to qualify the words both before and after it. Also called a  two-way modifier or squinting construction. A squinting modifier can usually be corrected by changing its position in the sentence. Examples and Observations Here are some examples of a squinting modifier: What you hear often you will believe.Instructors who cancel classes rarely are reprimanded.We agreed at our first meeting to implement the new procedures.The governor threatened after his reelection to increase motor vehicle license fees.I told Merdine when the game was over I would drive her to the bingo hall.Here are some things you might not know we’d like to share.We cant accept completely abstract logic is ambiguous. The adverb completely could modify either the verb preceding it or the adjective following it. Such a modifier is sometimes called a squinting modifierit seems to look in two directions at once. Squinting modifiers can be hard to find when were looking over what weve written, because we ourselves, of course, know what we mean, and the grammar is not incorrect, just ambiguous. The example could be made unambiguous by making it either We cant completely accept abstract logic or We cant accept logic that is completely abstract. For the second meaning, we have to make the sentence more complicated and use a relative clause, because in the original sentence there is no position for completely that will make it unambiguously the modifier of abstract.(Edward D. Johnson, The Handbook of Good English. Simon Schuster, 1991) The Placement of Only I am  only buying organic apples these days.The children only know how to imitate vampires and zombies.Theoretically at least, the placement of only affects the meaning of a sentence . . .. But in practice I only want one, I want one only, and I want only one all have the same meaning, despite differences in rhythm and emphasis. Although you may have learned that only should always directly precede the word it modifies, most contemporary writers on style qualify that rule, pointing out that sentences like these sound stilted and unnatural: Maybe millions of people go by, but I have eyes for only you.And where will it all end only God Knows. In each of the examples, you expect to find only where the adverb usually goes, before the verb, and the unnatural placement impedes the reading. . . . [W]hen only falls into its idiomatic place without causing ambiguity, let it stand.But without causing ambiguity is an important qualification. You can sometimes muddle a sentence by putting only before the verb instead of before the word it modifies. If, for example, you write that The committee only seemed interested in their proposal, readers wont necessarily understand seemed interested only in their proposal. Perhaps the committee was only feigning interest. . . . So take care with your onlys.  (Claire Kehrwald Cook, Line by Line: How to Edit Your Own Writing. Houghton Mifflin, 1985) Only a Handbook Problem? The squinting modifier resides chiefly in college-level handbooks. The term is used as an adverb or phrase that stands between two sentence elements and can be taken to modify either what precedes or what follows. Let us look at an example sent to us from a correspondent in Korea: The store that had a big sale recently went bankrupt. Here recently can be interpreted as modifying either the preceding or following part. But the content of the sentence suggests it is a learners sentence; a native speaker would not be likely to convey the information in such a flat and unspecific manner. The examples of the squinting modifier shown in college handbooks are comparable to the one we have used here, and they seem pretty unlikely to occur in actual writing. (Merriam-Websters Concise Dictionary of English Usage, 2002)

How to Save for Retirement When Youre a Freelance Writer

How to Save for Retirement When Youre a Freelance Writer Heres the bottom line: As a freelancer, you dont have an employer-sponsored retirement plan. Youre going to need to do one of two things immediately to ensure that you arent still working when you hit retirement age: Purchase a retirement savings plan through a financial institution, or save your own money to invest as you see fit. Ideally, a freelancer should do both of these things, starting with either a Solo 401(k), an Individual Retirement Account (IRA), or a Simplified Employee Pension (SEP IRA). Next, use your own savings to make your retirement even more secure. Step One: Budget Everything comes down to budgeting, whether it’s cat food or a tropical cruise 40 years down the road. This is where you’ll find the funds to allocate to retirement, and it will help you understand just how much money you will actually need when the time comes. You need to include all monthly expenses in your budget, and keep them conservative. The income of a freelance writer can fluctuate, so be sure to pay your budgeted items before doing any other kind of spending. On top of monthly budgeting for rent/mortgage, food, utilities, car payments, insurance, and other necessities, experts suggest putting at least 10 percent of your pay into savings, starting right now. You should also be putting a similar amount into your retirement fund each month. Step Two: Open a High-Yield Savings Account Your budgeted savings shouldnt just be left in your checking account or stuffed into a wall safe. Open a high-yield savings account where you can place your savings securely and turn them into more money thanks to a high interest rate. Take a look at your current banks interest rate, and compare with other banks to find the highest return on your small investment. The point of this type of account is to stop you from spending your savings, and to eventually yield small returns on the initial amount. You should try to always have your savings in this type of account, whether the amount is small or large. Step Three: Invest When   your savings have begun to grow, its time to use some of those funds for investments. There are many ways to invest a few hundred or a few thousand dollars depending on where you live. You might choose savings bonds; perhaps you’re more inclined to microloans. Wherever you do choose to invest, make sure it is as secure as possible (in other words, no stock market purchases based on a hunch). The U.S. Series EE and Series I Savings Bonds are available in denominations as low as $50 and as high as $10,000. They offer higher interest and rate of return than other kinds of   savings, which makes them a great option to consider once youve begun to grow your nest egg. Microloan investments, such as those offered through Lending Club, allow you to choose the person or group your money will finance, and receive monthly repayments plus interest. Once youve increased your money through investment? Roll it over and keep the process going. A Certificate of Deposit from your bank is a safe way to invest $10,000 or more. Its Never Too Early to Start The most important thing to remember is that you need to start saving today – not tomorrow, next month or next season when you have the extra money lying around. Budget concisely, invest wisely and watch your money grow.

Traumatic Brain Injury in the military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Traumatic Brain Injury in the military - Essay Example According to DHCC (2010), "TBI is often associated with severe multiple trauma, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or undiagnosed concussions and screening patients who are at risk for a TBI is important in order to ensure that TBIs are identified and appropriately treated." In this essay, TBI among military personnel will be discussed briefly. Any insult to the brain due to some form of external force is known as traumatic brain injury. According to DHCC (2010), "A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain." The injury can lead to any sequelae like altered consciousness, impaired cognition, delirium and impaired physical functioning. These changes can lead to various problems with thinking, language, movement, concentration and even sensation. TBI can also lead to other emotional and personality changes, tiredness, depression, violence, irritability, disinhibited behavior and lack of ability to carry out day-to-day activities. Among the military personnel, those who are on active duty are at more risk of suffering TBI when compared to their civilian peers. In general, statistics show that men between 18- 24 years of age are at increased risk of TBI when compared to other age groups (DVBIC, 2009). It is also important to note than TBI can occur even during daily activities, especially when they are unusual. Military personnel frequently enjoy certain non-service activities like climbing mountains, parachuting, riding motor cycles and car racing. These activities may be a part of their daily physical training. These services are basically intended to increase their quality of life, however; they are also fraught with increased risk of TBI (DVBIC, 2009). Spinal cord injuries and TBI account for about 25 percent of casualities related to combat (DVBIC, 2009). The most common type of combat-related injury is concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. In current scen ario, use of protective devices like Kelvar helmets and various types of advanced body armours have infact, minimized the incidence of TBI and have saved the lives of many military personnel. But these gadgets do not protect the frontal aspects of the head, the facial parts and also the spinal cord. Thus, though advanced medical care helps in improving survival rates, the long terms effects of the injuries continue to haunt the personnel (DVBIC, 2009). TBIs in military operations are often complex and can be of multiple types. A blast can cause sudden both external and internal injuries. It can cause contusions and concussions in the brain. Flying fragments of the blast can cause tear of various structures and lead to various sequelae. The various signs and symptoms related to TBI depend on the extent and area of injury. In war, poly trauma can occur and due to other organ damage and injury to other parts of the body, it is often difficult to predict the extent of brain injury. Whil e most symptoms are obvious immediately after the injury, some may manifest a few days or even a few weeks after injury. Some patients may present with simple problems like confabulation wherein the individual cooks up stories in gaps of memory (Kennard, 2006). In mild TBI, there may be no obvious changes on CT or MRI scan. However, the patient may present with few symptoms like blurring of

Reflection-Middle East News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection-Middle East News - Essay Example The author rightly identifies the existence of the jihadist threat as a reason for continued despair. Furthermore, the presence of religious and political extremist in Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Iran among others remain a huge impediment to realization of peace. The most important aspect ahead of the full stretch of the current year is the unlikelihood to end war in the Middle East. True to this concern, the war in the region has extensively exploded with Syria getting at the edge of collapse. Serious secession of the Muslim extremist group and youth unrest continue to cause tension. The psychology of â€Å"we versus them† has increasingly divert the essence of international intervention.Moreover, the author explicitly projected that it is through foreign intervention, military and diplomatic efforts that would quench the war. Subsequently, this has been strategy since the explosion of the war. Certainly, these raft of measures that been put in place continue to yield frustratin gly failing. Notably, these old strategies have in place since the U.S interventions in early 1990s. As rightly expressed by the author the pressure from the western powers would continue to raise temperatures in already boiling region.In a rare but unlikely situation, these international interventions would yield fruits. However, the author just like any other objective reflection concur that this may not be coming any soon. What has been seen in the ground in increasing tension and efforts to avenge fight.

Nike with apple Essay Example for Free

Nike with apple Essay To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world. *If you have a body, you are an athlete. Guiding principles (11 Maxims) They guide employees at all levels as they complete their work at Nike and represent the Nike corporation globally. †¢It is our nature to innovate. †¢Nike is a company. †¢Nike is a brand. †¢Simplify and go. †¢The consumer decides. †¢Be a sponge. †¢Evolve immediately. †¢Do the right thing. †¢Master the fundamentals. †¢We are on the offense – always. †¢Remember the man. The late Bill Bowerman, Nike co-founder) Manager Manifesto -It is a set of Core Principles that describe how Nike managers lead with excellence * Lead * Coach * Drive * Inspire Objectives: * Protect and improve Nike’s position as the number one athletic brand in America. * Build a strong momentum in growing fitness market. * Intensify the company’s effort to develop products that women need and want. Explore the market for products specifically designed for the requirements of maturing Americans. Direct and manage the company’s international business as it continues to develop. * Continue the drive for increased margins through proper inventory management and fewer better products. Competencies: Innovations: 1. Design your own shoes: Customers can choose their own colors and mascots to create shoes which define their personality 2. Nike self lacing automatic shoes: The automatic lacing system provides a set of straps that can be automatically opened and closed to switch between a loosened and tightened position. 3. Nike with apple: The NIKE+ package consists of a pair of specially designed NIKE+ running shoes, an ipod nano, and a NIKE+ ipod sport kit. As a person runs, ipod tells the distance, pace, and calories burned via voice feedback that adjusts music volume as it plays. Goal: World’s leading sports products and equipment provider. Business strategies: Encompasses the business’s overall positioning in the sports industry and stay competitive due to the product differentiation and globalization. Competitive Advantage: Brand Name, Product Quality, Inventory turnover, Cost leadership, Effective in-store operations.

Business Law Essay -- essays research papers

It is a question concern the law of contracts in particular, the law of misrepresentation. It is my objective to identify the difficult concept of different kind of misrepresentation and analyze why it is problematic. Misrepresentation is a false statement designed to encourage the other party to enter a contract. To prove a statement to be a misrepresentation, 7 essential conditions must be satisfied: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A statement must be made by word or conduct. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be factual. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be false. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The offeree must have reasonable relied on the statement. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The offeree must have been misled by the statement. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be material to the contract. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be a factor in including the offeree to enter a contract. In the law of misrepresentation, there are three kinds of misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation can be illustrated by Polaroid Far East Ltd. v Bel Trade Co. Ltd. (1990), where BTC, who was offered a special discount price by promising not export or re-export their product, re-exported PFEL ¡Ã‚ ¦s films to North America and Europe. It was held that BTC had devised a deliberate scheme to buy film at a lower price and to re-export it, and were liable for fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation simply ...

Everything Happens for a Reason †Jumakha Essay

Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they were meant to be there. They serve some sort of purpose ,teach you a lesson or help figure out who you are or you want to become. You never know who these people may be;your roommates,your neighour,professor,long lost friend,lover or even a complete stranger who,when you lock eyes with them,you know that very moment that they will affect your life in some profound way.[æ · ±Ã¥Ë† »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  °Ã¨ ± ¡] And sometimes things happen to you and at the time they seem horrible,painful and unfair,but in reflection you realize that without overcoming those obstacles you would never have realized your potential,strength,will power of heart. Everything happens for a reason.Nothing happens by chance or by means of good or bad-luck.Illness,injury,love,lost moments or true greatness and sheer stupidity all occur to test the limits of the soul. [æ„šè   ¢Ã¨â€¡ ³Ã¦Å¾ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦Æ'…] Without these small tests,if they b e events,illnesses or relationships,life would be like a smooth paved,straight,flat road to nowhere.Safe and comfortable but dull and utterly pointless. The people you meet who affect your life and successes and downfalls you experience,they are the ones who create who you are. Even the bad experience can be learned from†¦Those lessons are the hardest and probably the most important ones†¦ If someone hurts you,betrays you,or breaks your heart†¦forgive them,for they have helped you learn about trust and the important of being cautious to whom you open your heart. If someone loves you,love them back unconditionally,not only because they love you,but because they are teaching you to love and opening your heart and eyes†¦to things you would have never seen or felt without them. Make every day count.Appreciate every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can,for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people you have never talked to before,and actually listen,let yourself fall in love,break free and set your sights high. You can make of your life anything you wish.Create your own life and then go out and live it.I wish you all the best in your endeavors as well as struggles in life.Have a fighting spirit and never hestitate to get back in the struggle!

Building and maintaining relationships Essay

Building positive relationships is important task of your everyday life; social networking through communication, and relationship is the most effective way people become successful in the workplace. Building a positive relationship with your subordinates creates an environment as a manager where your subordinates are willing to work and put in the effort in their work to be successful. The key to building positive relationships is effective communication. Effective communication conveys your goals and paths to those goals with all of your subordinates, superiors, and peers. The benefits of effective face to face communication is immense not only does it build relationships, but it helps individuals get a understanding of the task at hand as well as the desired outcomes of those tasks. At my job at Chrysler my largest asset was my ability to communicate in an effective manner to my subordinates. Taking the extra time to listen to your subordinates, and hear what they have to say can make the difference between being a successful manager or an unsuccessful manager. The subordinates who worked for me where the most knowledgeable individuals about the job tasks in their department, and where a constant wealth of information for me to ask for opinions and questions I might have about the department. Building relationships with my supervisors was another asset I used in my daily life at Chrysler. Building a positive relationship with my supervisor enabled me to have a resource to go to when I have questions about my job tasks. The benefit of asking my superiors is they have experienced all of the same issues I was experiencing, and in most situations had an outcome that was either desired or not desired that I could utilize to make my decision as a manager. Another effective way I was able to communicate with my employees when they struggled with particular job tasks is to utilize coaching as a corrective technique rather than discipline. I found that through effective coaching you are much more able to successfully communicate and improve your work area than through discipline. In important way that the book conveys that align with my beliefs is communicating in a way that doesn’t put then receiver on the defensive, when this happens it creates a block in effective communication as well as effective relationship building. In my experience to avoid this defensive form of communication is to be open with your subordinates, and communicate in manner as equals rather than as a supervisor. It is easier to communicate with your peers than with your boss, so when I communicate with my subordinates I try to create that environment. Creating an advising environment rather than an evaluative environment is always a harbor for success when communicating effectively. When you are evaluating your superiors or subordinates it creates environment where communication is very indirect, and based on a image rather than the true root causes to issues that need to be resolved. It is through relationship building you will find success as a manager, in terms of success and eventually leading to promotion.

Increased Chance for Approval of SSD

Increased Chance for Approval of SSD How to Increase Your Chance of Being Approved for SSD The  application and appeal process  for  Social Security Disability benefits in Michigan  can be both complex and lengthy, making the experience especially overwhelming when going through the steps alone. However, there are many factors to keep in mind that could increase your chances of being approved, even at the initial application stage. At the very least, these factors could make the experience less stressful, resulting in a quicker determination. Here are some suggestions to help simplify and expedite the  Social Security application process.Complete Accurate EvidenceOne of the most common reasons for a  denial at the initial application stage; is incomplete or questionable paperwork. While the Social Security Administration (SSA) is required to consider medical evidence when deciding your claim, they do not always make a decision based off all of your relevant medical evidence. Medical evidence could be treatment notes from your primary care physician or speciali st, emergency room visit reports, test results, and medication lists, to name a few. SSA will request these vital records regarding your condition during the relevant timeframe of disability. However, oftentimes, SSA fails to obtain these records for a variety of reasons – SSA representative misunderstood the information you reported, the medical facility misplaced or failed to promptly fulfill the request, failure to follow-up on a request, failing to mention or update a facility with SSA, etc. Alternatively, some facilities require special authorizations before releasing any evidence; sometimes applicants are unaware of this or fail to sign authorizations required to obtain records.Regardless of the reason, SSA could make a decision on your claim without every piece of crucial evidence which could lead to a denial. Having an attorney on your side to assist with the application process and work with SSA representatives can ensure your file is complete. Moreover, our attorney s draft Residual Functional Capacity (RFC) Questionnaires to be completed by doctors or treating professionals outlining any work-related limitations the client has as a result of their impairments. These documents can be especially helpful at the initial application stage as additional evidence in support of a claim for disability.Right to AppealOnce a denial is issued, the next step is an appeal for further consideration of your claim. At the initial application level, SSA provides a 65 day deadline to appeal from the date on the denial letter. Once the appeal is filed, the  wait period; for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge begins. Moreover, consulting with an experienced attorney specializing in Social Security benefits is recommended, especially as other documents may need to be filed depending on the circumstances (such as a request for re-consideration, waivers, etc.). In fact, the most recent issue of NOSSCR Social Security Forum reveals that the backlog on hear ing processing times are continuing to increase, meaning longer wait times for applicants who generally are unable to work and desperately need these benefits.Consult with  Disability Attorneys Of MichiganOur attorneys at Disability Attorneys of Michigan strictly specialize in disability benefits – from the initial application stage to appeals at the U.S. District Court level for Social Security claims. Our attorneys understand the process and know what it takes to put you in the best position to be awarded the benefits you deserve. We will help ensure your application is complete and updated, draft and submit completed RFC Questionnaires on your behalf, and communicate with your SSA representative along the way. In the event you are denied, our highly skilled and dedicated attorneys can help represent you at your hearing which could entail requesting updated medical evidence, writing legal briefs, preparing you on what to expect, cross-examination of a vocational expert, a dvocating on your behalf, and more.  Call us  today at 888-684-4082 for your free consultation.[1] For example, the following numbers represent the average processing time in days for the respective offices: Mt Pleasant, Michigan: 542; Livonia, Michigan: 490; Oak Park, Michigan: 481; Grand Rapids, Michigan: 476. In fact, the Lansing hearing office has the shortest wait period in Michigan of 386 days. NOSSCR, Volume 37, Number 9, September, 2015.

Question 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question 1 - Essay Example Here the project leaders create a charter for the project, create the process high-level view, and start understanding the customer’s need of the process. This is the critical stage for the company where the leaders define their effort outline for the leadership and for themselves. In the evolution of Lean Sigma Enterprise, Mematech Pharmaceutical Company is on the early successes. At this stage, Mematech’s initial projects are in under way. Their improvements have shown crucial impacts and financials. The support from the initial team undergoes validation by other results. This is an important stage, where it is crucial for the previous successes to be publicized so that the entire organization can see the impact of the lean sigma. The technology drivers that influence the lean sigma enterprise’ evolution are Enterprise Resource Planning and Customer Relationship Management. The advantage of the technology is to re-design the solution and offer discipline and process systemization (Taghizadegan, 2006). The changes of uncertainty and ambiguity of the potential impact of the business is replaced by the relevant and proven illustration of the problems that face the company. The organization has responded to the changes through leadership support, p eople, training, project selection, reporting, software, and financial impact. The key challenge is ensuring that the projects are through early and that the company’s financial impacts are

ISLM model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ISLM model - Essay Example money demand equals to money supply. In the IS-LM model, money demand is assumed to be given exogenously at any point of time. It is the Central Bank, which determines money supply in any economy at any given point of time. The intersection of the two curves is known to be as the point of general equilibrium at which both the money market and the goods market are in equilibrium. In the above figure, the positively sloped curve is the LM curve, while the negatively sloped curve is the IS curve. E* is the intersection point of the two curves and represents general equilibrium. r* and y* is the general equilibrium values of r and y at which goods and money markets are simultaneously in equilibrium. Whether an economic model is reliable in terms of the values of different variables that it predicts and/or whether an economic model is capable enough of capturing what is actually happening in the real world depends on the reasonability of the assumptions it is based on. To examine how well IS-LM model captures what actually happens in the economy, one needs to check whether the two basic assumptions of the IS-LM model are reasonable. The major problem with the IS-LM model is that its two basic assumptions mentioned above have certain limitations and for this reason in spite of being a fundamental macroeconomic model, economists not very frequently use it for estimating the parameters involved in this model as well as the future values of output. (Clarida and Gertler, 1999 First, consider the problem with the assumption of price rigidity. IS-LM model always makes a prediction that equilibrium can be obtained at any level a it considers a passive kind of supply. According to this model, producers produce whatever is demanded by the buyers. In IS-Lm framework, if in an economy demand changes, then the economy will make all the adjustments to that change in demand in

Time management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Time management - Essay Example INTRODUCTION A lot of people often say and wish they had more time. Time is something that is always out of our reach. We need time like we need water and air. But we can never get enough of it. But is this really true? Or is it just we have time but we don’t know how to make the most of it? We have 24 hours a day, 168 hours in a week and about 480 hours a month less 8 hours of average sleep. We just need to manage it properly and make the most of it. TIME MANAGEMENT Considering our time, we have to balance it to 3 major factors namely work, family and pleasure. We see our work differently. To some people, work is drudgery which is a necessary evil (Koscec, n.d.). To others, work means fame and fortune, or a life’s mission and contribution of love (Koscec, n.d.). These differences on how we see work will affect us on how we do our work. Some people see work as joy, as a monotony, and as an escape. But work should truly become love for our family made visible (Koscec, n. d.). This is the means to support them, the means to send the children to school and even to provide their wants. Thus, it is very important to manage our time to do our job effectively. Many people consider family as the one of the most important things in life. However, there are a lot of times that people cannot manage time effectively that they cannot spend more quality time with their families. This greatly affects family relationship. It is very hard to choose which one to prioritize over the other. But I believe that we don’t need to choose, we just need to know how to manage. Aside from family and work, we also have issues on our personal time for leisure and enjoyment. This is the time that we pamper ourselves after all the stress that we got from work or life. Sometimes, we really need to have a good break from all the stress or even just a short time to please ourselves. Guys usually go to the gym or have good drink and poker night with friends. Women usually pampe r themselves to the spa and go shopping. The question is, do we still have time for all of this? Yes, we do. And this is the reason of this paper. Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and  budgeting  one’s time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity (www.wisegeek.com, What is Time Management?). Since we live in a busy world, we need time management to do all our tasks and responsibilities. A lot of researches, books, magazines are dedicated to provide the people steps on how to manage their time. It is very important to all of us to be able to manage our time. Our work, family and our happy selves are all waiting for us to spend our time with them. Time Management at Work There are a lot of steps on how to start managing our time. It is just a matter of setting ourselves that we have to be responsible in following the steps and that it is for our own good. We may have a rough start but getting through the ways will m ake us realize the steps are just so easy to do. We just have to put our minds and hearts to it. Here are the steps to follow on how to manage our time at work. Step one, make a plan. According to Christina Crowe (n.d.), setting a time to plan out our day, whether it is going to be in the morning or later at night is a swift start. We should think about the most important tasks that need to get done and how to get them done. It will help to keep us focused on our tasks if we make a detailed plan.

Sociology of Cultural Differences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sociology of Cultural Differences - Assignment Example The two women believe true beauty and success is only attained by being western (Wong). It shows they lack confidence in themselves; thus, convincing them that they are beautiful and attractive they way they are, is an uphill task. Personally, I would not change anything about myself even if I had all the resources to do so. In as much as most people spend most of their time admiring their images in mirrors, beauty entails more than the outward appearance. I believe that success is not measured by the physical appearance of individuals. The yardstick for measuring success should be embedded on an individual’s educational background, talents and capabilities. Therefore, appreciating ourselves the way we are is beauty itself. In addition to that, e should not change our physical appearance to please people. Renee Thompson’s beauty, drive and walks are the essentials required for any model. In as much as the market does not favor her, she struggles to make her career in the modeling world (Haywood). The modeling world and industry considers modeling to be for whites, making Renee Thompson struggle despite her extraordinary beauty, style and glamour. If I were her, I would never give up modeling to look for another profession. I would fight to the end since I have all the profession demands. My drive would be to enlighten the stakeholders in the industry to give everybody a chance as well as stop racial stereotyping. I would make them understand that I did not choose to be born black; and that they should see me as a human being with modeling qualifications, not as a black

Robert F Kennedys Rhetoric

Robert F Kennedys Rhetoric The aim of this thesis is to conduct research into a selection from Robert F. Kennedys 1968 presidential election campaign speeches, in order to outline the key features of his utterances that earned him success in inspiring masses and frightened the power structure. One of the reasons I have decided to conduct research into Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric is personal. The speech given on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. has drawn my attention to Robert Kennedys unique talent as a public speaker. The other reason is driven by the fact that there is a lack of literature directly discussing the aspects of Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric. With this work I want to demonstrate that the domain of Robert F. Kennedys rhetoric is one worthy to be explored and to suggest the topic for further research. In Chapter 3, entitled Corpus Description and Evaluation I describe the events and the target audiences of the analysed public addresses. In addition I also delineate the main linguistic aspects of the particular speeches and I explain in what terms the analysed material meets the research criteria. In Chapter 4 I describe political speech as an individual genre within the domain of political discourse. I also explain from what perspective Robert Kennedys selected addresses fall under the genre of political speech. I devote Chapter 5 to Robert Kennedys biography, character study and the historico-political background of the time for several reasons. During the analysis of the core research material I lay great emphasis on the contextual meaning (Firth 1957 in Downes 1998: 371) of Robert Kennedys utterances. Therefore I want to make the reader familiar with the context and the so called member resources (Fairclough 1989) within the discourse of Robert Kennedys selected addresses. Fairclough describes these member resources as prototypes which people have in their heads and draw upon when they produce or interpret texts including their knowledge of language, representations of the natural and social worlds they inhabit, values, beliefs, assumptions, and so on. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] they are social in the sense that they have social origins they are socially generated, and their nature is dependent on the social relations and struggles out of which they were generated [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Fairclough 1 989: 24) I regard Chapter 6 as the body of the thesis. This is the reason why its title is identical with the title of the thesis. Within this chapter I devote separate subchapters to the discourse strategies and different aspects of Robert Kennedys rhetoric. I describe the ways of addressing the target audiences, the forms of interaction between Robert Kennedy and his audiences and the methods of confrontation of the target audiences. I examine the degree of Robert Kennedys subjectivity and personal involvement in the selected addresses and I also introduce to the reader the means of persuasion applied by Robert Kennedy and his rhetorical idiosyncrasies. Chapter 6 as the most complex and most extensive unit of the thesis is intended to provide information essential for answering the research questions formulated in the following chapter. 2 Research Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology The main objective of the analysis of Robert Kennedys selected public addresses is to point out to what degree are his discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by factors like the topics covered, the speech events and the nature of the target audiences. According to Stanley Fish there are two ways of language that have shaped the history of Western thought: on the one hand, language that faithfully reflects or reports on matters of fact uncoloured by any personal or partisan agenda or desire; and on the other hand, language that is infected by partisan agendas and desires, and therefore colours and distorts the fact which it purports to reflect. It is the use of the second kind of language that makes one a rhetorician, while adherence to the first kind makes one a seeker after truth and an objective observer of the way things are. (Fish 1989 in Richards 2008:6-7) I will analyse the discourse strategies and the rhetorical devices in Robert Kennedys selected public addresses with an additional intention to prove that in terms by Fish he is a seeker after truth and an objective observer of the way things are. During the writing process I will concentrate my effort on answering the following research questions: Are the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by the topic rendered by the speaker? Are the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices predetermined by the speech event and the nature of the target audience? I would like to build my hypothesis on Hallidays statement that all language functions in contexts of situation and is relatable to those contexts. The question is not what peculiarities of vocabulary, or grammar or pronunciation can be directly accounted for by reference to the situation. It is which kinds of situational factor determine which kinds of selection in the linguistic system. (Halliday 2009: 94) Through my research I will attempt to prove that Robert Kennedys rhetorical devices and discourse strategies in his selected utterances are predetermined by situational factors like the topic, the speech event and the nature of the target audience. I hereby underline that I will analyse the contextual meaning (Firth 1957 in Downes 1998) of Robert Kennedys utterances in order to substantiate my theory of predetermination. From the methodological perspective, I subject the research material to a qualitative political discourse analysis. I will conduct a critical reading of the transcripts of the selected public speeches and simultaneously listen to the audio recordings of the addresses in order to outline also those aspects of Robert Kennedys utterances which cannot be exposed only through the analysis of their transcripts. These are especially the paralinguistic features, like the tone of voice, intonation, gestures etc. The audio recordings will help me to clarify ambiguous situations where the question what is said? will not allow for any adequate judgements. In order to avoid lengthy repetitions of the titles of the selected speeches I have decided to deploy an indexing method. Therefore I will further refer to the University of Kansas address as Speech A, to the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King as Speech B and to the Cleveland City Club address as Speech C. Through the research I will refer to Robert Francis Kennedy as Robert Kennedy or RFK. The core research material has been selected according to the following research criteria: public speeches with a classical rhetorical organizational pattern public speeches delivered to target audiences of different nature addresses with various speech events addresses with various topics of moral values utterances free of partisan agendas In my work I predominantly rely on the following literature: The factual information for Robert Kennedys biography, character study and the historico-political background of the time I retrieve from Robert Kennedy and his Times (1985) written by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and from RFK: His Life and Death (1968) written by Jay Jacobs. The book RFK: Collected Speeches (1993) edited and introduced by Edwin O. Guthman and C. Richard Allen contains valuable information about the events and the context of the selected public addresses. The theoretical knowledge for the analysis of the discourse strategies and rhetorical devices in Robert F. Kennedys selected public addresses I gain from the following works: Language and Power (1989) by Norman Fairclough is an especially useful source for critical discourse analysis as it contains several demonstrations of discourse analysis in practice. I use his model for the interpretation of the utterance meaning in the analysed material from the position of the analyst. I draw on his conception of the member resources within a discourse, which justifies my decision to introduce to the reader the historico-political context of the analysed material and some biographical facts about Robert F. Kennedy. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics (1995) by Jenny Thomas provides me with the theoretical knowledge to decipher the illocutionary forces and the implicit meanings of Robert Kennedys particular utterances. Through the analysis of the selected addresses in Chapter 6 I rely on her model of interpreting illocutionary forces to understand the meaning of Robert Kennedys utterances depending on their context. Language and Society (2009) by M.A.K. Halliday (edited by Jonathan J. Webster) furnishes me with the conceptions of the field, tenor and mode of the discourse, which allows me to identify, what is linguistically important in a given utterance in relation to its context. I build my hypotheses on Hallidays theory that external factors determine the individuals selections in the linguistic system. Through the whole analysis of the selected addresses in Chapter 6 I rely on the above theory to identify to what degree are Robert Kennedys utterances predetermined from a linguistic perspective by factors, like the topic rendered, the speech events and the nature of the target audiences. 3 Corpus Description and Evaluation The analysed resource material of this thesis consists of a selection of three significant speeches of Robert F. Kennedys public addresses during his 1968 presidential campaign. Namely, in chronological order, the speech from March 18th, given at the University of Kansas, the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King from April 4th, delivered in Indianapolis and the Remarks on the Mindless Menace of Violence in America, delivered at the Cleveland City Club on April 5th. I would like to start the corpus description with some quantitative statistics about the analysed material. The most extensive of the texts in subject is the University of Kansas address which consists of 3942 words and 17 386 characters without spaces, the second text, which is the transcript of remarks on Martin Luther Kings assassination is composed of 618 words, counting 2653 characters without spaces and the last one, the Cleveland City Club address comprises 1080 words and 4700 characters without spaces. In the following pages of this chapter I will describe the analysed texts individually. My description will predominantly focus on the context behind the public addresses, including a portrayal of the setting and the occasion. At the end of the chapter I will also explain the reasons for integrating these particular speeches into the research. The University of Kansas address (further referred to as Speech A, in abbreviated form: SA) was delivered by Robert F. Kennedy just two days after the announcement of his candidacy for the President of the United States. It was the second real public speech of his freshly started campaign. He came to Kansas with doubts about his popularity, since the state was largely rural with a conservative majority, where he, as a liberal and a critic of the military efforts in Vietnam, could not expect much affability. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen, 1993: 323) To his and his staffs surprise, their warm reception at the campuses disproved their assumptions. With twenty thousand people present, Robert Kennedy drew the largest crowd in campus history. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen, 1993: 327) He came to the university to talk to young people, the group of citizens his campaign program predominantly aimed at. The purpose of his speech was to express his viewpoint towards the situation within the c ountry and towards the War in Vietnam, to inform and confront his audience with the problems the country was facing and to persuade them to vote for him in the election. As usual when talking to young people he began his address with his famous self-deprecating humour to set a friendly atmosphere and create a positive relationship with the target audience before he moved on to sensitive topics. The points of his argument lined up in the following order: the polarization and violence within the country, the alarming conditions of poverty in certain areas of the country and the progress of the War in Vietnam. The way Robert Kennedy renders the above mentioned issues is descriptive, with linear organisation of the topics covered. The style of addressing his audience could be characterised as direct, confrontational and contemplative. Robert Kennedys interaction with the target audience is most noticeable in this address. This speech is argumentative and demonstrates a high degree of RFKs personal involvement as he frequently asserts his own beliefs, demands and opinion. The persuasive strategy through argument dominates the address. The Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King (further referred to as Speech B, in abbreviated form: SB) was delivered in Indianapolis in the evening of April 4th 1968. RFK was heading for Indianapolis to give a speech to a mostly black American community in the city ghetto as a part of the rally. Before boarding the plane he was told that Martin Luther King had been shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Right after their plane landed he was informed that Martin Luther King had died of the injury. The crowd had been gathering for the rally in the ghetto for one hour before Robert Kennedy arrived. They were already fired up, albeit they could not have heard any official news about the assassination. Some of them were armed and violent. Robert Kennedy was advised by the police representatives not to go there, because they would not be able to defend him if mob violence broke out. RFK decided to face the danger and talk to his audience, thus taking up the unpleasant role to be the first to inform them about the death of Martin Luther King. Robert Kennedys words were meant from his heart. He alluded to the assassination of his brother. He alleviated the tension and literally tranquilized the audience. He asked the people to seek peace in their faith as a tribute to Martin Luther Kings legacy. On this occasion RFK spoke to an audience of mostly black people from the ghetto of the city. His tone of voice was moderate. Every single word of his utterance showed empathy and his personal involvement in the issue. He used simple, but at the same time delicate language and short sentences built up from sophisticated words. He managed to draw the audiences attention to terms like love, wisdom, understanding and compassion toward one another. His purpose was to shift the attitude of the crowd, to move and inspire them. He applied persuasion through emotions and through his own character. The style of the address is lyrical and emotional, obviously determined by the tragic event. This speech was built up solely from Robert Kennedys own words. It was delivered without a written template, only from the memory of RFKs own notes. For this reason this address shows several traits of extemporaneousness. As a reaction to Martin Luther Kings assassination the whole country was in flames that night, there were violent demonstrations, riots and boycotts initiated by African-American communities for revenge. In Indianapolis there were no significant protests registered. The Cleveland City Club Address (further referred to as Speech C, in abbreviated form: SC), was delivered by Robert Kennedy in Cleveland, Ohio on 5th April 1968. After the Indianapolis speech on Kings assassination, RFK cancelled his oncoming campaign appearances. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen 1993: 358) However he was persuaded by some African-American community leaders to keep his address, scheduled for the next day at the Cleveland City Club and to make it a plea for ending the violence. (Kennedy and Guthman and Allen 1993: 358) RFK addressed his speech to a crowd of mostly white executives at the City Club. As usual, he conveyed his message in a moderate, soft tone of voice. The primary purpose of the speech was to express his concern about the violence in the country and to put the reasons for this growing violence in the country into focus. The overall organisation of the topics is associative. The content of the speech is confrontational and contemplative. The beginning and closing paragraphs are built up from merely simple sentences, while the core of the address consists of complex philosophical units. The style of RFKs utterance is emotive for he attempted to persuade the target audience through emotions and through his own reasoning. This is the most lyrical address of the given selection with numerous examples of figurative language. My decision to include in the research exactly these three public speeches of Robert F. Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign was determined by several factors. During the process of selection I took into consideration the previously formed research hypotheses. This approach directed me to choose speeches which adequately demonstrate to what extent were the rhetorical devices used predetermined by the target audience, the speech event and the topics covered in them. My first criterion was to select speeches that are organized according to the classical rhetorical pattern, that include introduction, argumentation and conclusion. Since all of the selected speeches are built on this pattern, they evidently meet the first criterion. The second criterion for the selection was the target audiences character. My firm intention was to analyse several of RFKs public addresses delivered to audiences of a different nature. With the given selection I managed to adhere to the plan. The speech at the University of Kansas was delivered to students, a community of young people the predominant target group of Robert Kennedys campaign. The remarks on the assassination of Martin Luther King addressed mostly black uneducated ghetto people of various age groups. The Cleveland City Club speech was given in front of mainly white executives of a higher social class. The above brief descriptions of the target audiences of the selected speeches indicate substantial heterogeneity from social perspective. The size differences between the audiences are also remarkable, with the University of Kansas crowd as the largest and the Cleveland City Club attendees as the smallest. The third criterion for the selection was the event of the particular speeches. Here I also attempted to seek variability in order to provide more objective evaluations of the rhetorical devices determined by the event of the utterance. The University of Kansas speech was an ordinary political speech during Robert Kennedys campaign rally. He covered the main points of his program: the divisions, the poverty and the War in Vietnam. He explained why he was running for the presidency and asked for the audiences support. The speech on Kings assassination was most affected by the occasion. Robert Kennedy could not deliver his pre-prepared speech instead he transformed the appearance into an honest tribute to Martin Luther Kings memory and legacy. The third speech, the Cleveland City Club address was still influenced by the happenings from the day before. Robert Kennedy again had to reformulate his initial message. Although he spoke about issues also included in his campaign proclamation, one can scarcely call his address an ordinary campaign speech. Not once he did mention his candidacy nor did he ask for any support directly. Briefly we can summarise the speech events as follows: an ordinary campaign rally at a university campus, an extemporaneous tribute to the legacy of an assassinated public leader in a city ghetto and a plea for reconciliation and non-violence in front of an audience of distinguished executives. The fourth and the most important criterion for the selection was the content of the individual speeches. Hereby I admit a relatively higher degree of subjectivity, since in this case the criterion was considerably conditioned by my own interpretation of the messages. I attempted to choose those addresses from Robert Kennedys 1968 campaign speeches which most of all prove the extraordinary phenomena of his rhetoric. The University of Kansas speech was selected for his involvement, objectivity and for the emphasis of moral obligation over material values. The lyricism and spiritualism and the calming effect of the carefully chosen words in the Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King were all factors of great importance that determined my choice for this piece of rhetoric. The Cleveland City Club address is remarkable for Robert Kennedys concern about humanity. It is an emotive call for peace and reconciliation of mankind. I chose this utterance in addition to its many uniq ue qualities especially for the philosophic thoughts and prophetic words it communicates, which more than forty years later still appear to be relevant. The fifth criterion was to select speeches that are free of any partisan agendas and manifestations. Robert Kennedy in the selected addresses does not enforce any programs or any political ideologies he rather draws his audiences attention to the real conditions in the country which affect them all. Nonetheless he categorically distinguishes himself from hiding the truth in illusions and empty promises. I was lead by the above assumptions during the selection of the core research material. I hope the fact that the selected speeches evidently meet all the criteria defined justifies my choice.

Ritalin :: essays research papers

Ritalin Abstract Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritalin's primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalin presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD has increased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding side effects and potential for abuse, however it greatly benefits those with ADHD. Psychological effects of Ritalin Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995). ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 1996). Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usually controlled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose. Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996). According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHD usually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin: †¢Improved concentration. †¢Better "focus". †¢Improved ability to complete their work. †¢Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span. †¢Reduced distractibility. †¢Reduced impulsivity. †¢Reduced restlessness and overactivity. †¢Improved patience. †¢More elaborate expressive vocabulary. †¢Better written expression and handwriting (especially in children). †¢An improved sense of "alertness". †¢Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli. Ritalin's Effect on Neurotransmitter Systems Ritalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritalin's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks the reuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter

Performing Genders in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire, considered as one of his most famous works, exposes the relationships between Stella and her sister, Blanche, who has come to visit her. Her arrival reveals the tensions in Stanley and Stella’s couple. Blanche quickly discovers that her sister’s life is not at all the life she believed it to be, and that her sister lives with a violent man, Stanley. But Stanley is not the only one who tries to hide his true identity. Indeed, Blanche’s arrival in New Orleans is not innocent. She tries to escape her bad reputation and comes with her deepest secrets. In this play, the protagonists perform a role to affirm their gender and hide their real true nature. This staging also aims at dramatizing the action of the play. Stella’s husband, Stanley, is the prefect representation of the violent and macho man. He does everything to be seen as a powerful man when citing Huey Long he tells Stella that †every Man is a King! And I am the king around here† (Williams, 77). As Koprince notes: Like most batterers, Stanley believes in male superiority†¦ [He] especially believes in male dominance within the institution of marriage. He is completely in charge of the Kowalski household, calling all the shots and expecting his wife’s acquiescence. (51) Stanley establishes a conjugal life in which his wife is not allowed to say what she wants as he growls: †don’t ever talk that way to me!† (77). However, Stanley is not only arrogant when he speaks to his wife, he also mistreats her. During the Poker Night, he first †crosses to the small white radio and snatches it off the table. With a shouted oath, he tosses the instrument out of the window† and then †charges Stella† (35). Stanley thus intimidates his wife and decreases her as Dutton an alyses: Physical assault may be accompanied by verbal abuse, psychological abuse†¦ This constellation of destructive actions more fully represents a continuum of coercive control and, some would argue, therefore constitutes the proper subject matter for a psychology of interpersonal violence. (6) In reality the way Stanley acts allows him to acquire power and control under Stella. She behaves exactly how Stanley wants her to react that is as a battered and dominated woman:   He [Stanley] didn’t know what he was doing†¦ He was as good as lamb when I [Stella] came back and he’s really very, very ashamed of himself. (41) According to Stanley, showing his feelings to his wife would be intolerable and is not the behavior a man has to adopt. Nevertheless, his violent behavior and the role that he performs convey the feelings he has for Stella. Indeed, he is afraid that his wife can leave him: Stanley: Stella! My baby doll’s left me! Eunice? I want my baby! Eunice! I’ll keep on ringin’ I talk with my baby! (37) Stanley: Stell-lahhhhh! (37) By saying †Eunice, I want my girl to come down with me!† (38), Stanley gets belligerent again and proves that primitive instincts animate him. Blanche, talking to his sister, highlights that Stanley †acts like an animal, has an animal’s habits!† (47). She also asserts that †there’s even something – subhuman- something not quite to the stage of humanity† (47) which implies that her brother-in-law performs the male role to the extreme. Besides, this extreme is reached when Stanley rapes Blanche telling her: †we’ve had this date with each other from the beginning!† (97). Thus this act reminds Blanche of her past of prostitute and reveals what Blanche tried to hide through her staging. Blanche performs the role of the fragile and the romantic woman in order to hide her deepest secrets. Through Stella’s eyes, Blanche appears as a sensitive woman (69) and has always to be complimented. She thus recommends Stanley to †admire [Blanche’s] dress and [to] tell [Blanche] she’s looking wonderful† (17). In this connection, Blanche also highlights that †[she] need[s] kindness† (39). Moreover Blanche’s sensibility is highlighted by her romanticism. She tells Mitch that she has †old-fashioned ideals† (63) and calls him †[her] Rosenkavalier† (57). Related to this idea, Cortade asserts: Blanche DuBois s’accroche aux derniers vestiges de romantisme qui appartiennent à   une autre à ©poque. (209) [Blanche DuBois stay emotionally attached to the relics of romanticism which belong to another time, my translation]. In a sense, Blanche’s romantic ideals allow her to play the role of a modern Emma Bovary. In the manner of Flaubert’s character, Blanche entertains hopes of escaping from reality through love. Blanche idealizes love and describing  the love she had for her husband, Allan, she says that †it was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on something that had always been half in shadow, that’s how it struck the world for me† (66). But like Emma Bovary who lost her lover Rodolphe and fell into depression, Blanche loses Allan and this loss overwhelms her completely. She thus behaves as a desperate woman and loses her mind. By qualifying Blanche as †a refined and particular type of girl†, Stanley unmasks her and reveals the reason why Blanche has to perform. Indeed Blanche stages in order to hide her past of prostitute. Stanley explains to Stella that †[Blanche] moved to the Flamingo! A second-class hotel which has the advantage of not interfering in the private social life of the personalities there† (71). He also adds that †[men in Laurel] got wised up after two or three dates with [Blanche] and then they quit, and she goes on to another, the same old lines, same old act, same old hooey† (71). Besides Blanche is conscious of her act and qualifies herself as †a big spider† (87). Nevertheless, her behavior hides some deeper injuries. As she analyzes †[she was] hunting for some protection† and this †was all [she] seemed able to fill [her] empty heart with† (87). In this connection, Blanche is a desperate woman who †always depen ded on the kindness of strangers† (107). In conclusion, Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire depicts characters that perform in order to hide their true nature. By saying that †Poker should not be play in a house with women† (36), Mitch proceeds to a separation of genders revealing Blanche’s and Stanley’s staging. Indeed, both of them perform the roles of the violent man and the fragile woman. Stella’s husband appears as a choleric man and frightens his wife and his sister-in-low, Blanche. Blanche’s staging allows her to escape reality and she is able to overshadow her past. Indeed her past makes her fragile and facing the reality would be too hard to face. Stanley and Blanche also share the same fear. Indeed, they are afraid to be abandoned. Whereas Stanley depends on Stella’s presence, Blanche needs the kindness of strangers. Although they hate each other, they share several common points. Indeed both of them know that the other hide a secret. Sources: Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. London: Penguin Modern Classics, [1927] 2004. 218 p. Cortade, Ludovic. Le cinà ©ma de l’immobilità ©. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2008. 308 p. Dutton, Donald G. The domestic assault of Women: Psychological and Criminal Justice Perspectives. Canada: University of Washington Press, 2001, 337 p. Koprince, Susan. †Domestic violence in a Streetcar Named Desire† Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations: A Streetcar Named Desire – New Edition, Ed. Harold Bloom, New York, 2009: 49-60.

Hamlet: Divine Intervention and the Natural Order Essay

The first part of the theory is that of Divine Intervention – this being the easier of the two parts to explain. This works off the idea that some manner of God or All-Powerful Force does actually exist. Divine Intervention is, therefore, the notion that this God can manipulate the world either through direct or indirect action. In the text and film, for instance, the Ghost comes as a messenger from this God, motivating Hamlet to do its will. This is both an example of direct divine intervention – in the appearance of the Ghost; and indirect divine intervention – as the God uses Hamlet to carry out its deeds. The second part of the concept is the Natural Order of the world. This can be brought down to its base form as: ‘What is supposed to happen.’ Unfortunately, it isn’t that simple. The Natural Order exists always, however is not always followed. This ‘breaking away’ from the Order is usually the result of Human Intervention, developing one of two outcomes. These are: either the Natural Order is re-aligned, or the world remains a corrupt and terrible place until such time as the first outcome is realised. So, the world is repaired, or an unending loop of badness ensues until it is. In the play, the Order was broken when Claudius killed King Hamlet, and from the opening lines the ‘wrongness’ that lingers in the air is noted, setting the mood for the remainder of the play: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢tis bitter cold and I am sick at heart.† (I,1,8-9) said Francisco as he was relieved from watch-duty. Also, in the film, these words are greatly aided in their purpose by the images of snow-covered Denmark. Another line, in the fourth act: â€Å"something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (I.4.67) reaffirms this mood and goes further to place Francisco’s sickness at heart down to a rottenness in Denmark. Now, how the world is realigned with the Natural Order is the link back to the first part of the concept: Humans are the creatures, knowingly or unknowingly, that fix the problems that throw the world out of Order in the  first place. In Hamlet, this is the case. Without Divine Intervention, however, Denmark would have remained in a state of malaise: The Ghost, you see, gave Hamlet the one piece of information that was needed to manipulate him into action: That his father, King Hamlet, had been murdered. With this knowledge, Hamlet was able to mould his grief into anger – albeit slowly – and fulfill the will of the God by realigning the Natural Order in Denmark. There are two parallels running: the first from King Fortinbras to Fortinbras and the second from King Hamlet to Hamlet. Both are disrupted, causing not one, but two interlocking lines of Natural Order to be upset. This is, perhaps, the reason Divine Intervention was necessary to fix it; Claudius’s murder of King Hamlet gave him power not only over Denmark, but Poland also. As can be seen, the major character that the concept of Divine Intervention and Natural Order can be related to is, or course, Hamlet. He is the most interconnected character in the text; the manipulated being used indirectly by God, and also the one to realign the natural order. But why? This quote, from Philip Edwards, explains: â€Å"What is unendurable to heaven is not to be endured by men. Evil is not ineradicable, and heaven may appoint an agent of its justice to pluck it out – Hamlet.† Thus, Hamlet is Divine Justice, charged by the Ghost of his Father – a messenger from God – to cleanse Denmark of evil. â€Å"Revenge his foul and unnatural murder.† (I,5,71) And he goes about it with a passion. From Philip Edward’s essay this quote is taken: â€Å"The voice he hears gives him his mission, which he rapidly expands into a cleansing of the world, a setting right of disjointed time. As the scourge and minister of heaven, he willfully seeks his own salvation by flailing others with his tongue for their moral inadequacies and redirecting their lives as he moves forward to a killing which will re-baptise the state of Denmark.† To which I add, not just one, but seven killings. The realignment of the Natural Order is realised in the final scene in the  final act, just before Hamlet’s death: â€Å"The rest is silence.† (V,2) As there is no definite in-text acknowledgement that the Natural Order was upset, conclusions can be drawn from other lines, the descriptor of rottenness in Demark being one of them. And so it is that, although there is no line saying â€Å"The world is now in alignment with the Natural Order†, we can say â€Å"The rest is silence† is the realisation that the world is right again. There is no more chaos, no trouble, just peace – usually equated with silence and calm. The major impact of the Divine Intervention and Natural Order theory is upon the audience’s perception of the play after its conclusion. The dominant view taken is that Hamlet, although achieving his goal of revenge, caused a chaotic mess of death that was, in itself, meaningless. This view lends itself to a play-given moral of ‘revenge is bad’ or some other similarly droll statement of absolutes. When applying the text to the Natural Order theory, the deaths of the six apparently innocent characters – Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes, Rosencrantz and Gildenstern – can be justified. All were wronged by Claudius’s misdeed, all were in the wrong in some part, and thus, all had been moved out of the Natural Order – even if it was without choice. Their deaths are integral to the realignment of the Order; if they remain, the corruption lingers also. In death, they are no longer tools of Claudius – who is the cause of the disruption – and do not obstruct Hamlet’s duty as divine justice. Rather than a purposeless bloodbath, the deaths of the six were actually a necessity to achieving peace and new Order: Gertrude had married her brother-in-law, and it is quite likely had been seeing him before the death of King Hamlet. Incest, in the time of Hamlet (and, of course, in the current time) was looked upon with great distaste and marrying one’s brother-in-law was seen as incest – unlike now. Rosencrantz and Gildenstern had been enlisted by Claudius to spy on Hamlet and gauge his madness. Spying is an immoral act, and their doing so, even if enlisted by Claudius, put them in line for a cosmic spanking. Polonius had spied on Hamlet as well as having plotted with Claudius to partake in many misdeeds. His faults are, perhaps, the most blatant. Laertes, after the death of his father, consents to follow the whim of Claudius and poison Hamlet. A big mistake, for he ends up taking the life of another human – a cardinal sin. Lastly, Ophelia; although there is no hard evidence in the play, she may have slept with Hamlet. If this is the case, and sex before marriage is her â€Å"wrong†, then Shakespeare’s search for evil – and successive eradication of it – was very thorough. As well as altering the perception of the audience, the play itself can be viewed in a new light: Shakespeare’s Hamlet had yet another underlying meaning. Along with concepts of revenge, ambition, love, marriage, gender, class structure, morality, betrayal and deceit, appearances and reality and madness, the idea that evil does not go unpunished can be expounded to include God as a punisher, hunting down every little transgression and demanding payment in triplicate; payable with ones eternal soul. Finally, â€Å"what about Hamlet’s death?† I hear you ask. Charged with the responsibility of divine justice, it would seem wrong that he should die, right? His death was one big accident, occurring because Laertes was persuaded by Claudius to poison the sword he used to fight Hamlet. No. Such a simple and†¦ slack answer does not support the theory of Divine Intervention and Natural Order. Hamlet’s death was also necessary to fixing a jaded world. As can be seen from the flowchart, King Fortinbras’ power passed to King Hamlet with his death – not to Fortinbras as must be assumed it would have. When Claudius gained power, not one, but two Kings had been wronged – their command stolen by evil. Hamlet dying, after killing Claudius and retrieving the power of the Kings, was the final piece in the puzzle. Control passed to Fortinbras – the only major character not to have committed acts of†¦ poor judgement (to put it lightly), and the Natural Order was truly repaired. Both Denmark and Poland had a ruler of integrity and the eternal loop of badness could be overcome, allowing the world to move into new times of industry and wonder. Bibliography: Coyle, M., (ed.) (1992) Hamlet: Contemporary Critical Essays, Macmillan Education Ltd, London. Muir, K., Wells, S., (ed.) (1980) Aspects of Hamlet, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shakespeare, W., (ed.) Ridley, M. R., (1964) The Tragedy of Hamlet, Mackays of Chatham. Stockton, C. L., (2000) CliffsNotes on Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Wiley Publishing Inc., New York.